Thursday, October 27, 2011

im a stupid

sometimes I hate you
sometimes I miss you
I know this is a sin
but I could not stay away
sin, you're teasing me

Semangat!!

Although, i just have someday, but never give up!! i must try how much my ability that i have all the time. i have started this struggle since a while but the result is not satisfied yet. The task that i made, is always fixed.  


Imagine,,,my friend just needed 2 month to finish it, why i cannt? Argghhh,
poor me ..... indeed everyone have a different destiny. But I deserve a better destiny. ya Allah forgive me, I just wanted to be a better human being.

Sunday, October 23, 2011

Terima Kasih Tuhan

maafkan ya Allah
Aku lupa diri karna menyukainya
jangan biarkan ini berlarut                                                                 
ya Tuhan jangan sampai aku masuk kedalam lembah yang dari luarnya tampak dangkal

enough!!
luruskan niat hanya kepadamu ya Allah
sesaat kau telah sadarkan diriku dalam lamunan,
Terimakasih ya Allah
Mulai detik ini, Aku akan menjaga jarak darinya O,O

Sunday, April 3, 2011

How to use tawakkul in relieving our anxieties and worries

Posted in Islamic Belief, Islamic Medicine, Muslim Character on Apr 03, 2011


Tawakkul refers to putting your trust in Allah – to believe that He alone can ward off the harms of this world, provide you blessings and sustenance, and to ease your challenges. Tawakkul is also about accepting the results that He decides regardless of how they may turn out to be.


To understand the concept of Tawakkul, consider how tense and worried do you get at times about the challenges of this worldly life. Whether it’s you worrying about losing your job or sustenance, or general life problems that you may come to face, Tawakkul is your belief and the attitude that you have about putting your trust in Allah to take care of all your affairs.

Allah (swt ), says:

…And whoever places his trust in Allah, Sufficient is He for him, for Allah will surely accomplish His Purpose: For verily, Allah has appointed for all things a due proportion. (Qur’an 65:3)

The Quran makes it clear that Tawakkul is not an option but rather a requirement. Allah (may He be Exalted) says:


“…and put your trust in Allâh if you are believers indeed. (Surah Al-Ma’idah, 5: 23)

He also says in the Quran:

“….And in Allah let believers put their Trust” [Surah Ibrahim 14:11]

Don’t give up on Your Efforts

Tawakkul shouldn’t be mistaken with giving up your efforts thinking that somehow your challenges will get resolved. Rather striving and working with the attitude that Allah will take care of your affairs and will help you in getting through your trials is part of you having the Tawakkul on Allah.

Some scholars have stated that “Tawakkul in reality does not deny actually working and striving for provision, for Allah Almighty has decreed that we should work and it is from His ways that he gives people when they strive. In fact, Allah Almighty ordered us to both depend upon Him and to work, to take the necessary steps needed to achieve our goals, and so the act of striving for our sustenance is an act of physical worship while trusting and depending upon Allah is faith in Him.” (Permanent Committee for Research and Verdicts (Fatawa Islamiyah, Vol. 7, Pages 172-174)

Allah says:

“…So seek provision from Allah and worship Him (alone).” [Al-‘Ankaboot 29: 17]

Shaikh Saalih Al-Fawzaan stated about this verse, “Look for sustenance and do not sit around in the masaajid claiming that you are putting your trust in Allah. Do not sit in your homes and claim that your daily sustenance will come to you.” This is wrong and a true believer doesn’t say such things.” (Shaikh Saalih Al-Fawzaan Haqeeqat-ut-Tawakkul (pg. 15-25))

This obviously applies to not just seeking provisions but in striving to resolve other matters of our lives – just as long we remember and believe that His will is a prerequisite for our matters to get resolved and to accept what He ultimately decrees.

The scholars have also stated that, “other than our efforts that we put in, a Muslim should also combine Tawakkul with other means, whether they are acts of `Ibadah (worship) like Du`a’ (supplication), Salah (Prayer), Sadaqah (voluntary charity) or maintaining the ties of kinship, or other material means which Allah has predestined.” (source : alifta.net Fatwa no. 2798)

Allah (swt ), also says in the Quran:

[There were] those to whom people said: “The people are gathering against you, so fear them.“ But it only increased their faith; they said: “For us Allah is Sufficient and He is the best Disposer of affairs” (Qur’an 3:173)


Benefits of Tawakkul

One of the major benefits of Tawakkul is that it can relieve us from unnecessary anxiety, worry, and resulting depression from the challenges that we may be facing. By believing that all our affairs are in Allah’s hands and we can do only what is in our control, we leave the results to Allah and accept His decree whatever it may be. Ibn Rajab Al-Hanbali said, “the fruit of tawakkul is the acceptance of Allah’s decree. Whoever leaves his affairs to Allah and then is accepting of what he is given has truly relied on Allah. Al-Hassan and others among the salaf defined tawakkul as ridhaa (acceptance).” (Jami’ Al-’Uloom wa Al-Hikam : A Commentary on 50 Major Hadith)

Let’s strive to understand the concept of Tawakkul and to make it part of our belief systems. We will notice that things will not only get resolved easier with His help, but Tawakkul will also relieve us from the day to day anxieties and worries associated with the challenges of this life.

Sunday, March 27, 2011

Love U by Howl

Love U
by Howl
(OST/Theme Song of 'Boys Over Flowers')

ohhh... ohhh...

Jakku iksukhan hyanggi naneyo geudael seuchyeotdeon barami
Jigeum nae gyeoteul jinaganabwayo ohhh...
Naui gaseumsoge geudaemaneul bichuneun haessaringabwayo
Apeun sangcheokkaji gamssajuneungeollyo

Love U geudael tteoollimyeo ije dasi kkok nuneul gamjyo

Saranghae geudae du nun chaeul su itdamyeon
Saranghae geudae naege useum boyeojundamyeon
Jeogi byeolbitmajeodo modu gajyeoda jultende ohhh...
Saranghae ireon nae mam jeonhal su itdamyeon
Saranghae geudae geu mam gareuchyeo jundamyeon
Na modu darmagalkkeyo
Love U Love U Love U yeongwonhi

Geudae ttaraseo geotgo isseoyo jeogi dalbit dwie sumeo
Geuri nunchi eobseumyeon eotteokhaeyo wohhh...
Birado naerige gureumege tto hanbeon butakhalkkayo
Jeojeun geudae maeum ana jul su itge

Love U geudael tteoollimyeo ije dasi kkok nuneul gamjyo

Saranghae geudae du nun chaeul su itdamyeon
Saranghae geudae naege useum boyeojundamyeon
Jeogi byeolbitmajeodo modu gajyeoda jultende ohhh..
Saranghae ireon nae mam jeonhal su itdamyeon
Saranghae geudae geu mam gareuchyeo jundamyeon
Na modu darmagalkkeyo

Love U Love U Love U keudaeyo

Eyes Set To Kill - Come Home

Eyes Set To Kill - Come Home


We say it's okay to leave it alone
But i want u to notice
This case isn't closed
Doors are open
The lights are left on
And there's never a night I sleep
With the dreams that I'd have if u never decided
Decided to leave
Decided
Decided to leave...
There's never an ounce that I breathe
Without thinking about
Who i could have been with you
There's never an ounce that I breathe
Without thinking about
Who I could have been if you didn't leave


The phone's been patient to hear your call
But you never touched the dial
You never touched the dial, now I know
There's someone I wish walked through these halls
But you'll never take the chance to come home
So come home


You say we can learn from this
But I just don't know
what to do without you anymore
your absence has taken it's toll on me
what i should believe
i just cant believe

there's never an ounce that i breathe
without thinking about who i could have been with you
there's never an ounce that i breathe without thinking about who i could have been if you didn't leave

the phones been patient to hear your call
but you never touched the dial
never touched the dial
and now i know
there's someone i wish walked through these halls
but you never take the chance to come home
so come home

you say it isn't my fault
so i steer away
i put off the pain
for another day
you think it wouldn't be tough
8 years were never enough
I'll wait for you
if you'll never change
i will be okay
but I'll still stay up for you
just in case you make the time for the right move


the phone's been patient to hear your call
but you never touched the dial
you never touched the dial
and now i know
there's someone i wished walked through these halls
but you'll never take the chance to come home
so come home

there's someone i wished walked through these halls
but you never touched the dial
you'll never touch the dial
and now i know
the phones been patient to hear your call
but you'll never take the chance to come home
and you'll never take the chance to come home
just come home...

Wednesday, March 2, 2011

Iam Stupid

sometimes I hate you
sometimes I miss you
I know this is a sin
but why I can not go against my feelings when they're near you.

God, this sin is really teasing me
I'm just a weak little creatures that can not be anything without your help
God do not let me drift this great

Tuesday, March 1, 2011

Universitas itu apa??

Kata-kata dosen hari ini......

Apakah kalian tau arti universitas?? Apakah sebenarnya universitas itu??? Apakah kita sudah pernah memikirkannya sebelum kita masuk kuliah? Sama halnya dengan universal. Actually, kata kuncinya adalah universe. mengapa mereka mau menjadi miss universe. Karena mereka ingin menjadi miss dalam berbagai bidang secara keseluruhan.
 Dalam universitas, kita tidak hanya dapat belajar teori tetapi kehidupan secara universal. Jika hanya belajar tentang teori di universitas, kita belum bisa menjadi seorang scientist. Not accepted in environment, in sosial.
Maka seharunya kita sudah mengerti apa itu universitas. It give the ability to commnicate, ability to work together.
Siapa yang pantas menjadi seorang scientis? kita yang mempunyai a good integritas. So that we must love our subject.

Minutes of the Heart

My life without your love
Like a night without stars
Love without your welcome
How hot without rain
My soul whispered softly
I should be yours

I can make
Falling in love with me
Although you do not love me
Give a little time
Let love come
Because they have been accustomed

Save the roses that I gave
Perhaps inspired fragrance
Would you to
Get to know me first
Before you spit on me
Before you rip my heart

I can make
Falling in love with me
Although you do not love ... me

Life without your love
Like the moon without stars
Love without your welcome
How hot without rain

Factors that affect currency exchange rates

factors that affect currency exchange rates

Important position of foreign exchange in international trade resulted in a variety of concepts related to foreign exchange rates had been developed in an effort to determine the factors that influence foreign exchange rates. The concepts relating to the determination of exchange rates began to receive great attention from economists, especially since the birth of a floating exchange rate in 1973. Since then the exchange rate allowed to fluctuate according to fluctuations in the variables that influence it.

The concept of exchange rate determination begins with the concept of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), then developed the concept with the approach of balance of payments (balance of payment theory). The development of the concept of foreign exchange rate is determined next is the monetary approach (monetary approach). Monetary approach emphasizes that foreign exchange rates as relative prices of two types of currencies, determined by the balance of demand and supply of money. Monetary approach has two basic assumptions, namely the entry into force of purchasing power parity theory and the theory of a stable money demand from a number of aggregate economic variables. This means a model of monetary approach to foreign exchange rates can determined by developing a model of money demand and purchasing power parity models.

Monday, February 28, 2011

cikyambobuih

"cikyambobuih"
kata2 yang selalu terdengar di kos ku.

LOL

Characteristics of money

In monetary aggregate, money divided in 3 kinds
They are :
  1. M 1
M1 is clearly money. Because they can used directly as a medium of exchange. It includes currency, checking account deposits and traveler's checks.

M1 = Currency + traveler's check + demand deposits + other check able deposits 
    
     2.   M 2
M2 monetary aggregate adds to M1 other assets that have check-writing features (money market deposits accounts and money market mutual fund shares) and other assets (small denomination, time deposits, overnight, repurchase agreement and overnight Eurodollars)  that are extremely liquid

M2 = M1 + Small-denomination time deposits + saving deposits and money market deposits accounts + moneymarket mutual funds shares

      3.   M 3
The M3 monetary aggregate adds to M2 somewhat less liquid assets such as large denomination time deposits, term repurchase agreement, term Eurodollars, and institutional money market mutual fund shares

M3 = M2 + large-denomination time deposits + money market mutual fund shares + term repurchase agreements + term Eurodollars

Wednesday, February 23, 2011

L

Tuhan...
Berharap ku slalu ingin mendapatkan perhatian dari Mu.
Berharap pandanganMu takkan pernah lepas dari ku.
KasihMu
CintaMu

Tuhan...
Tegur aku disaat ku salah.

Arti cinta dalam ekonomi

Adam smith berkata Ketika produsen dan konsumen bertemu, maka terciptalah pasar dan dengan terciptanya pasar maka terbentuklah pola produksi yang akan menciptakan suatu keseimbangan social (Social harmoni) dan keseimbangan sosial ini tercipta tanpa adanya campur tangan dari pemerintah.

Bagiku ketika cinta dan kasih saying bertemu, maka terciptalah hubungan dan dengan terciptanya hubungan maka terbentuklah pola keromantisan yang akan menciptakan suatu keseimbangan social (social hamoni) dan kesembingan social ini tercipta tanpa adanya campur tangan dari orang lain.

David Richardo percaya bahwa faktor tenaga kerja adalah hal yang paling penting dalam pencapaian kemakmuran suatu Negara. Bagiku factor kesetiaan dan kepercayaan adalah hal yang paling penting dalam pencapaian kemakmuran dalam suatu hubungan. Keynes lebih tertuju pada hal-hal yaitu ekonomi makro, ekonomi jangka panjang, ekonomi moneter, dan perubahan kuantitas

Layaknya keynes cinta makro (besar), perencanaan hubungan jangka panjang (long time periode), moneter dalam cinta (keuangan), dan perubahan atas kuantitas kasih sayang (jumlah). Adalah hal2 yang diharapkan nantinya mampu untuk dihadapi dan diatasi bersama. Sehingga dapat terciptanya equilibrium point dalam hubungan kita.

Tak perlu kurva Philips untuk mengukur kekosongan hatiku. Karena itu tidak akan pernah ada. Tak perlu kurva as ad untuk mengukur keseriusan cintaku. Karena aku hidup hanya untuk memberikannya padamu.
 
Hanya rumus C=Kp+Kt+K+P+Pg*-Cm-E
C= cinta
Kp=kepercayaan
Kt=kesetiaan
K=kasih sayang
P=pengertian
Pg=pengorbanan
Cm= cemburu
E=egois
*=apabila dibutuhkan suatu kondisi dan keadaan

create by : YIE

Thursday, February 17, 2011

Meningkatnya Perekonomian Indonesia akibat Cina

Perekonomian cina yang semakin menguat mampu menggeser jepang. Hal ini akan memberikan dampak kepada pergerakan ekonomi Asia, termasuk Indonesia.

Negara Indonesia juga akan ikut merasakan imbas dari perekonomian cina. Karena indonesia bisa mengoptimalkan kegiatan ekonomi dalam hubungannya dengan cina. baik itu hubungan perdagangan, investasi dan kerja sama teknologi. Mengingat selama ini indonesia cenderung melakukan investasi ke barat.

Namun,  Keuntungan yang bisa diperoleh oleh negara indonesia ini tergantung pada kemampuan negara indonesia yang bisa membaca peluang dan kelemahan perekonomian cina tersebut.

Wednesday, February 16, 2011

Kuliah ini membuatku malu

Kelas yang ku ambil pada hari ini gabung dengan kelas lain. Mungkin dosen yang mengajar di kelas ku terlalu sibuk. Ada rasa takut belajar sama dosen matkul ni. Tapi sejujurnya cara dosen ini yang membuatku termotivasi untuk belajar.
Dia mengingatkan kami tentang banyak hal sebagai mahasiswa.

"Seorang mahasiswa harus cekatan. peka terhadap lingkungan. Dalam akademis, kita perlu tau berbagai informasi2 yang  bermanfaat. apalagi dunia semakin canggih. kita bisa memperoleh ilmu lewat internet. tidak hanya sekedar buka facebook, twitter, apalagi gosip2"

Pertanyaan pertanyaan yang diberikan dosen, sebagaian besar tidak dapat ku jawab. semuanya hanya abu2.
Aku sangat malu pada diriku sendiri. apakah ini kemampuanku? hanya sebatas ini? Hampir secara keseluruhan nonsense. Aku tidak bisa memakai logika berfikir.

Tapi Mengapa mereka bisa? Apa perbedaan diriku dengan mereka? Teman lainnya mampu menjawab sistematis. Apa mungkin mereka ditakdikan pintar? Apa aku ini tidak pintar? Bagaimana prestasi2 yang slama ini aku peroleh? Apakah hanya kebetulan? pertanyaan ini berputar-putar di kepalaku.

Kusadar. Sangat sadar. ga akan pernah dapat merubah semuanya. kecuali dalam hati sendiri. Walaupun butuh waktu tuk merubah semua kebiasaan yang dilakukan. Sangat mudah melakukannya dengan hati yang ringan dan ihklas.

To my friend

Teman maafkan ku ga bisa menolong mu. Ku ga tw harus berbuat apa agar kamu bisa terhibur. Ku tau gimana perasaanmu. Setidaknya ku tampung semua keluh kesah mu. Ku siap jadi pendengar yang baik. Ku biarkan kau melepaskan semua yang membuatmu sakit.
Aku bukanlah psikiater yang bisa menasehatimu. Ku bukanlah seorang ibu yang bisa menenangkan anaknya yang sedang mengangis. Ku hanya sebagai teman dekatmu.

Tuesday, February 15, 2011

Takeru Sato

Buat cuci mata. 
heheheh. 
Bukan idola sih, cuma lumayan seneng ja liat dia. 
Ganteng = boleh lah, diatas standard. 
Tau aktor ni??
Yang suka nonton kamen rider pasti tau,,
Yak, bintang/lakonnya film kamen rider.






who care!!!

Bosan nih ama lingkungan kampus.
Bosan banget.
Lingkungan kampus tu ga pernah bersahabat m gw.
orang-orangnya juga.

gw setuju banget yang dibilang ma dosen gw. anak2 jurusan ni cuma mementingkan prestige. Gengsi doank. prestasi??? cape de. Lebih mendingan tu anak kelas biasa.

Gw mang dari jurusan ni, sedikit pun gag pernah rasain apa keunggulan anak2 ni. bahasa pengantar??
anak biasa bisa juga koq. fluently lagi.

yah, bagaimana pun tetap anak jurusan ni. so, harus melewati semua aktifitas dsini. cuma berharap bisa gw lalui dengan baik. hah, ora opo2 tu. who care!!!

ga bole ikutan valentine day

Valentine day adalah hari besar umat nasrani. Pada hari tersebut umat nasrani memperingati kematian pendetanya yang bernama valentino. Umat nasrani mengungkapkan kasih sayangnya kepada pendeta tersebut dengan menjadikan hari tersebut sebagai hari berkasih sayang yang bertepatan pada tanggal 14 februari.

Jadi pada moment tersebut umat kristiani merayakannya dengan memperlihatkan bentuk kasih sayang kepada kekasihnya masing-masing. Seperti mereka bertukaran kado dengan saling memberikan coklat.

So buat umat muslim yang belum tau valentine day, ga usah lagi ikut-ikutan. Bukan hari besar kita. Dosa hukumnya kalau kita ikut merayakan hari besar agama lain.

Friday, February 11, 2011

Dehidrasi ku

Ya Allah kenapa dunia semakin panas saja....
Panas sekali, seakan aku berada di padang pasir....
Ya Allah, sungguh tak sanggup seperti ni
Aku dehidrasi
Seluruh badan ku terasa mengering
Kepalaku terasa sakit
Mataku terasa pedih

Ya Allah ku ingin menemukan oase Mu
Yang bisa menghilangkan semua ini
Lepaskan dahaga ini

Ya Allah, ku ingin menemukan oase
Tapi mengapa ku hanya bisa berkhayal

Gerakkan hati ini tuk bisa mencapai yang kuinginkan

Jangan jadikan diriku kufur nikmat ya Allah

Tuesday, February 8, 2011

Eyes Set To Kill - Reach

Hush don't speak a word about the dreams that I live for
It hurts to reach you when I'm down
Don't speak again, I'm still waiting for my turn
It hurts to reach you when I'm down

My dreams are growing into
Frustrations when I hear your voice
Feeding me till I'm choking
Feeding me till I'm choking
My ears are ringing louder
Repeating words that bring me down
Ringing, my ears are bleeding
Ringing, my ears are bleeding

So hold your breath and spare me
The pointless conversation, I'm running out of patience
Don't blame me for trying to reach

Hush don't speak a word about the dreams that I live for
It hurts to reach you when I'm down
Don't speak again, I'm still waiting for my turn
It hurts to reach you when I'm down

As you are moving forward
I feel as if I can't catch up
Trying so hard to reach you
Trying so hard to reach you
I'm stuck here at the bottom
You're too high up to come back down
Trying so hard to reach you
Trying so hard to reach you

So hold your breath and spare me
The pointless conversation, I'm running out of patience
Don't blame me for trying to reach

Hush don't speak a word about the dreams that I live for
It hurts to reach you when I'm down
Don't speak again, I'm still waiting for my turn
It hurts to reach you when I'm down

Silence your harsh words my dear
My ears are ringing of this
I can't stop thinking of it
(I try to reach you but I fall)
[x4]

Hush don't speak a word about the dreams that I live for
It hurts to reach you when I'm down
Don't speak again, I'm still waiting for my turn
It hurts to reach you when I'm down
Aku terjebak disini. Tak mampu bangkit. Tak mungkin aku yang seperti ini hanya mengandalkan diri sendiri untuk keluar dalam lubang yang dalam. Aku butuh seseorang. Butuh uluran tangan seseorang. yang akan menarik ku keluar.

Frustasi....
Tak ada yang mau membantuku. Aku tau mereka punya hal lain yang lebih penting untuk dirinya.

Monday, February 7, 2011

Seize the day

Seize The Day
Cetak Berita

Seize the day or die regretting the time you lost
It's empty and cold without you here, too many people to ache over

I see my vision burn, I feel my memories fade with time
But I'm too young to worry
These streets we travel on will undergo our same lost past

I found you here, now please just stay for a while
I can move on with you around
I hand you my mortal life, but will it be forever?
I'd do anything for a smile, holding you 'til our time is done
We both know the day will come, but I don't want to leave you

I see my vision burn, I feel my memories fade with time
But I'm too young to worry (a melody, a memory, or just one picture)

Seize the day or die regretting the time you lost
It's empty and cold without you here, too many people to ache over

Newborn life replacing all of us, changing this fable we live in
No longer needed here so where do we go?
Will you take a journey tonight, follow me past the walls of death?
But girl, what if there is no eternal life?

I see my vision burn, I feel my memories fade with time
But I'm too young to worry (a melody, a memory, or just one picture)

Seize the day or die regretting the time you lost
It's empty and cold without you here, too many people to ache over

Trials in life, questions of us existing here, don't wanna die alone without you here
Please tell me what we have is real

So, what if I never hold you, yeah, or kiss your lips again?
Woooaaah, so I never want to leave you and the memories for us to see
I beg don't leave me

Seize the day or die regretting the time you lost
It's empty and cold without you here, too many people to ache over

Trials in life, questions of us existing here, don't wanna die alone without you here
Please tell me what we have is real

(Silence you lost me, no chance for one more day)
I stand here alone
Falling away from you, no chance to get back home

CADAAAASSS

Musik cadas yang pertama kali w suka sebelum A7x.....
Creed > my sacrifice. 3 Doors Down > im here without you. Muse > starlight. Blink 162 > miss u....



Sebenarnya masi banyak lagi.
but hanya itu yang ingat.

ntar posting lagi yang lain.....


Suka lagu rock

Apa sih enaknya lagu rock???
Dia hooby banget denger lagu rock, selalu mutar lagu yang begituan. Mp3 d hpnya rock smua. beibeh!!!ugh nnek juga dengernya kayak lagu setan. Seperti orang lepas kendali trus nyanyi yang ga karuan.

Tapi tiap kali tanya sama dia, selalu bilang, bukannya lagu setan coba deh denger sekali2, ada happynya denger lagu rock. Jadi bikin tambah semangat. Liat artinya juga. Artinya pun beragam. Ga cm tentang percintaan. Tapi ada juga tentang sahabat. hahahaha

Dibilang benci ga. Coz ada juga suka sama lagu tu tpi yang melownya. mmmm kayak d avenged sevenfold, suka denger lagu dear god. artinya juga suka. kebanyakan d laptopnya lagu rock juga. ada beberapa lagu rock yang dpndahinnya k laptp w. haduh, w g pernh mutr2nya.

mmm gmn y, w lebih senang sama lagu yg melow, tpi bawaan nya kediri, jdi merasa cengeng. meskipun sebenarnya ga bgtu. w tu lebih iba ati. hoohohoho

nah,,,,akhir2 ne w cba denger tu lagu. smua album A7x dputar. mmm lumayan suka lah. sering denger lagu itu mpe sekarang. bener juga....jadi semangat.

Kayanya bakal pindah aliran nih!!!!

Tuesday, January 25, 2011

justin virus

The world was hit by a virus Justin Bieber. Including Indonesia. Various ways by the fans to express his admiration. As in Indonesia, there are teenagers who to climb a tree and holding a poster containing the words "I love u justin", some are sending video with justin singing. Through its action, the fans are racing to get sympathy from his idol. A sense of passion that was done in order to attract the hearts of his idol's. Until willing to do anything.

Action from the fans was not in vain. Justin Bieber also respond via video footage on youtube. Justin thanked the Indonesian. Hysteria of the fans is not just a dream. They can see Justin in concert to be held in April next.

Justin who has multitalent able in a short time stir the world. amazed to see him, although from the broken , he was still able to stand up and try to develop his talent.

Korean, Taiwan drama have make me beguiled

I love the Asian drama. Especially Korean and Taiwan drama. I like to watch them because they are the beautiful film. they can touch my feels. Indeed we also saw why are the actors. That Actress are sweet and the actors are very handsome.  If the actors are brave, they play charmingly, ugh!! automatically, we make his to become our idol. 
Drama that i love very much and i watched for the first is Meteor Garden. Coming the emotion up. making sad, cry, laugh, happy, etc. It got me hypnotized and so memorized. I remember that actress, sanchai, the brave girl could to mollify a rude boy, bad boy, Dao Ming Tse. I really like to see their act.
Because of it, i tried to watch the other drama. Like Full House, Stairway to heaven, Endless love, At the dolphin bay, I am sorry I love you. ooo, i can crazy if i watch them. But not as crazy because watching meteor garden.
Since i saw the films, i got my popular idol. In meteor garden, i like all of them, but i love jerry yen very much. I like the actor in drama sorry i love you. He is So ji sub. I like him too. Beside he is very handsome, he also brilliant in play. So cute ^^. I searched their pictures in google. saved them. yup, that very interesting for me.

 handsome >>>



Monday, January 24, 2011

virus justin

 
Dunia sedang dilanda oleh virus justin bieber. Termasuk Indonesia. Berbagai macam cara yang dilakukan oleh para fans tersebut untuk menyatakan kekagumannya. Seperti di Indonesia, ada remaja yang sampai memanjat pohon dan memegang poster berisikan tulisan I love u justin, ada pula yang mengirimkan video dengan menyanyikan lagu justin. Lwt aksinya itu, para fans berlomba agar mendapatkan simpatik dari idolanya. Rasa kecintaannya itu pun dilakukn demi menarik hati idolanya itu. Hingga rela melakukan apapun.

Aksi dari para fans tersebut tidak sia-sia. Justin bieber pun memberikan respon lewat rekaman video di youtube. Justin mengucapkan terima kasihnya dalam bahasa indonesia. Hysteria para fans bukan hanya mimpi belaka. Mereka dapat bertemu Justin pada konser yang akan diadakan pada bulan april mendatang.

Justin yang mempunyai multi talent mampu dalam waktu yang singkat mengegerkan dunia. Salut liat dia, walaupun dari keluaga broken, dia tetap mampu berdiri dan berusaha mengembangkan bakatnya.

Saturday, January 22, 2011

Panggilan masuk untuk sholat fardhu udah masuk.
Hayya 'alash Shola....
mari kita sholat tinggalkan semua aktivitas
sucikan diri
raih kemenangan

Thursday, January 20, 2011

Cara mengatasi jerawat secara alami

Tentunya kita semua sudah tau tentang jerawat. Ga ada seorangpun menginginkan jerawat.
gw sendiri punya masalah dengan penyakit ini. Gara-gara jerawat, muka yang dulu semulus pantat bayi,sekarang udah kayak permukaan jalan yang belum diaspal, ckckckck.
Tapi guys, gw pernah baca buku cara ngatasi dan ngobati jerawat.
Gak usah repot2 cari obat jerawat. karena kebanyakan bisa bikin tergantungan. ga mungkin obat jerawat ga berdampak negatif

to point aja ya.....
untuk ngobatin jerawat kita harus rajin melakukan hal-hal berikut :

1. Rajin minum air putih.
2. Slalu jaga kebersihan wajah, rajin cuci muka.
3. Rajin berolahraga atau melakukan akitivitas fisik yang lumayan banyak menghasilkan keringat.
4. hindari stress berlebihan, karena bisa bikin tambah banyak tu jerawat
5. Terakhir yang penting diperhatikan adalah kesehatan perut. Semua penyakit bersumber dari perut. oleh karena itu kita harus menjaga kesehatan makanan dan menjaga pola makan dengan baik

Tuesday, January 18, 2011

Ingin tau siapa yang telah mengunjungi Blog kamu

Feedjit adalah sebuah aplikasi yang melihatkan pengunjung di blog atau situs kita. dengan feedjit kita tau orang yang telah membaca blog, tau klien yang melihat penawaran produk terbaru kita.

"Feedjit dapat melihat perjalanan pengunjung dari awal hingga akhir"

Feedjit terbagi atas

Dasar Traffic Live Feed ini gratis. Tidak ada masa percobaan atau kartu kredit diperlukan. Dengan dasar Live Traffic Feed kita mendapatkan tampilan real-time bebas dari lalu lintas situs kita. Kita dapat melihat semua pengunjung anonim tiba secara real-time dan identitas anggota Feedjit yang mengunjungi situs kita. kita juga dapat menyesuaikan warna feed sama persis dengan blog atau tema situs.

Feedjit Advanced adalah feedjit dengan kreativitas dan bebas dari iklan. Cocokkan tema situs dan sesuaikan dengan situs kita. pilih jumlah wisatawan untuk ditampilkan. Sebagai pengguna Advanced kita bahkan memiliki pilihan untuk menghapus branding Feedjit dan menu. Pengguna mahir dapat menonton pengunjung yang tiba dari situs web dan mesin pencari secara real-time.


Feedjit Pro kita dapat memilih untuk menyimpan informasi pengunjung pribadi dengan tersembunyi di Live Traffic Feed.

Pro, kita dapat menganalisis informasi pengunjung kita secara rinci dengan grafik secara real-time maju dan bagan.

Dengan Feedjit Pro kita juga memiliki akses penuh ke semua pilihan Advanced Feedjit untuk personalisasi Live Traffic Feed.


Kita juga memiliki akses penuh ke semua pilihan Advanced Feedjit untuk personalisasi Live Traffic Feed.

1. Buka situs Live Traffic Feed..
http://live.feedjit.com,
2. Sign in,
3. pilih jenis feedjit (Feedjit, feedjit advance, feedjit pro),
4. pilih CUSTOMIZATION
5. go

Feedjit langsung terpasang di situs!!

Sunday, January 16, 2011

Make me seek a decision

Bagi dia mungkin ini adalah masalah besar. Tapi menurutku tidak. Apa yang dipikirkan olehnya, sama sekali tidak masuk akal. Dimana letak salahnya? tidak bolehkah belajar memanage diri, belajar disiplin, bersosialisasi, mempengaruhi orang dengan skill khusus?

Kamu dan Dia beda.

Aku memilih tuk belajar berorganisasi. Tidak bisa disamakan dengan perasaan. Belajar berorganisasi bukannya membuat kita sibuk, atau kamu terlupakan. Setidaknya sudah kucoba untuk memberikan perhatian sepenuhnya. Tapi justru kamu semakin tidak mau diberi penjelasan.

Mungkin cuma sebagai alasan bagi kamu untuk bisa mencari masalah. Kalau begitu aku pun bisa mengambil kesimpulan. Membuat keputusan, agar tidak ada lagi hal-hal yang membuat aku memikirkan. Sangat menyita waktu ku.

Avenged Sevenfold - Dear God Lyrics

avenged sevenfold
Avenged Sevenfold

A Lonely Road
Crossed Another
Cold State Line
Miles away
From those I Love
Purpose hard to Find

While I Recall all the World
You Spoke to me
Can't help but wish that
i Was There
back Where I'd love to be..

oh yeah..


Dear God
The Only think I ask
of you is
to hold her when
i'm not around
When I'm Much
too Far away

We all
Need the person
who Can be
True to you
But I left her when
I found Her
And Now i wish
i'd Stayed

'Cause i'm Lonely
and i'm Tired
i'm Missing You
again Oh No..

Once Again

There's Nothing
Her For Me on
The Barren Road
There's No One
Here While The
City Sleeps
and all the shops
Are closed

Can't Help but
think of the times
i've had With You
Pictures and some
Memories will have
to help me through

Oh Yeah..

Dear God
The Only think I ask
of you is
to hold her when
i'm not around
When I'm Much
too Far away

We all
Need the person
who Can be
True to you
But I left her when
I found Her
And Now i wish
i'd Stayed

'Cause i'm Lonely
and i'm Tired
i'm Missing You
again Oh No..

Once Again

Some Search,
Never Finding away
Before Love They
Waste away
I found You
Something told Me
to stay

I gave in,
to selfish ways
and how i Miss
Some One to Hold
When hope Begins
to Fade

A Lonely Road
Crossed Another
Cold State Line
Miles away
From those I Love
Purpose hard to Find

Dear God
The Only think I ask
of you is
to hold her when
i'm not around
When I'm Much
too Far away

We all
Need the person
who Can be
True to you
But I left her when
I found Her
And Now i wish
i'd Stayed

'Cause i'm Lonely
and i'm Tired
i'm Missing You
again Oh No..

Once Again

Ohhh...

Yeah..
Yeah..

[ thanks to EdoyE_LoseR[at]Capcai.com for submit this lyric ]

powered by lirik lagu indonesia

Tuesday, January 11, 2011

Begadang

Akhir-akhir ini sering tidur larut malam. Sering ngerjain tugas, browsing, kadang-kadang nonton. Kalo ga ada kerjaan pun, ga langsung dibawa tidur. Malah mencari kesibukan-kesibukan yang ga jelas. entah kenapa, mungkin sudah jadi kebiasaan.

Gara-gara suka begadang ni, besok pagi bawaannya ngantuk aja, badan lesu, pikiran kurang jernih. Baru dua hari begadang, jerawat udah nongol.

haduhhhh
udah kapok.....
udah pernah sakit! tapi gag juga sadar.

Monday, January 10, 2011

Mengelola Perusahaan Bisnis

Manejer

Manejer adalah pimpinan perusahaan yang memiliki peranan penting,mengolah, mengurus, mengolah dan mengontrol jalannya perusahaan

Manajemen yang efektif adalah mulai menetapkan sasaran. yaitu suatu harapan dan perencanaan yang akan dicapai dalam bisnis.

Strategi dalam perusahaan merupakan rencana organisasi dalam mengimplementasikan keputusan-keputusan untuk mencapai sasaran dalam organisasi.

bentuk-bentuk strategi dalam bisnis :

1. Strategi korporasi > strategi yang menentukan sikap terhadap pertumbuhan dan cara perusahaan dalam mengelola bisnis.
2. Strategi Bisnis > strategi yang fokus terhadap peningkatan posisi bersaing.
3. Strategi fungsional > strategi yang dilakukan oleh manajer secara khusus, agar tujuan korporasi dapat tercapai seproduktif mungkin.

Tujuan menetapkan sasaran adalah sebagai pedoman oleh manajer agar dapat meminimalkan kesalahan,dapat ,mengalokasikan sumber daya dengan tepat, menentukan budaya perusahaan, dan membantu manajer dalam menilai kinerja.

Saturday, January 8, 2011

Cinta Dia

Cinta yang kau agungkan itu
tak kan menolong mu
kau hanya membanggakan kepalsuan

Tak bisakah kau berfikir logika
tak bisakah kau menggunakan perasaan mu

kau bilang kau bahagia
bahagia seperti apa?

jika bahagia
bisa kah kau memberi sedikit untukku
agar aku tahu bahagiamu

lebih baik tidak!
aku sudah tahu
kau hanya seperti anak kecil
pikiranmu hanya sebatas

kau ingin tahu yang sesungguhnya?

satu kebahagiaan
yang sampai sekarang
aku tidak bisa meraihnya

kau boleh tertawa
tapi aku yakin hanya ini yang paling berharga bagi diriku

LelahKu

Aku bosan dengan semua ini.
Bosan dengan lelah
Bosan dengan penat

Aku ingin pergi
pergi meninggalkan gelap
meninggalkan sepi

Beri aku tuntunan
jangan beri aku harapan
jika semuanya tak bisa kau lakukan

Kebiasaan makan beras

Mungkin jarang sekali orang memiliki kebiasaan makan beras. Tidak bagi saya. dulunya saya tidak pernah makan beras. Namun yang awalnya hanya ikut-ikutan melihat teman kos saya yang hobi sekali makan beras, akhirnya jadi kebiasaan.
saya tidak tahu, apa akibat sering makna beras. Menurut saya makan beras itu adalah kebiasaan yang sah saja. Bahkan berpengaruh positif bagi yang sakit maag. Kenapa demikian? Dulu saya sering sakit maag, tapi sekarang jarang sekali saya merasakan sakit maag. Mungkinkah karena kebiasaan saya ini?
Walaupun beras sudah dimasak menjadi nasi, tapi kandungannya tetap sama, karbohidrat. jadi sama saja, makan beras dengan makan nasi.


Creed - With Arms Wide Open lyrics

Well I just heard the news today
It seems my life is gonna to change
I close my eyes, begin to pray
Then tears of joy stream down my face

With arms wide open
under the sunlight
welcome to this place
i'll show you everything
With arms wide open
With arms wide open

Well I don't know if I'm ready
To be the man I have to be
I'll take a breath, I'll take her by my side
We stand in awe, we've created life

With arms wide open
Under the sunlight
Welcome to this place
I'll show you everything
With arms wide open
Now everything has changed
I'll show you love
I'll show you everything
With arms wide open
With arms wide open

I'll show you everything
Oh yeah
With arms wide open
Wide open

If I had just one wish
Only one demand
I hope he's not like me
I hope he understands
That he can take this life
And hold it by the hand
And he can greet the world
With arms wide open

With Arms wide open
Under the sunlight
Welcome to this place
I'll show you everything
With arms wide open
Now everything has changed
I'll show you love
I'll show you everything
With arms wide open

With arms wide open
I'll show you everything oh yeah
With arms wide open
wide open
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Economies of Scale and Market Structure

Summary of Krugman_Obstfeld_-_International_Economics

Economies of Scale and Market Structure
External and internal economies of scale have different implications for industry structure. An industry where economies of scale are purely external will usually consist of many small firms and perfect competition. Internal scale economies, by contrast, gives large companies the cost advantages of smaller and leads to imperfectly competitive market structure.
The theory of imperfect competition. In a perfectly competitive market where there are many buyers and sellers, none of which is most of market firms is a price taker. In imperfect competition, then, the company realized that they could affect the price of their products and that they can sell more only by reducing their prices. Imperfect competition are the characteristics of the two industries where there are only a few large producers and industry. In this situation every company sees itself as a price maker.

where Q is the number of units the firm sells, P the price it charges per unit, and A and B are constants. We show in the appendix to this chapter that in this case marginal revenue is
implying
Marginal revenue = MR = P - Q/B, (6-2)
P - MR = Q/B.

Equation (6-2) reveals that the gap between price and marginal revenue depends on the initial sales Q of the firm and the slope parameter B of its demand curve. If sales quantity, Q, is higher, marginal revenue is lower, because the decrease in price required to sell a greater quantity costs the firm more. The greater is B, that is. the more sales fall for any given increase in price and the closer marginal revenue is to the price of the good. Equation (6-2) is crucial for our analysis of the monopolistic competition model of trade (pp. 132-150).

Average and Marginal Costs.

AC is total cost divided by its output. The downward slope reflects our assumption that there are economies of scale, so that the larger the firm’s output is the lower are its costs per unit. MC represents the firm’s marginal cost (the amount it costs the firm to produce one extra unit). We know from basic economics that when average costs are a decreasing function of output, marginal cost is always less than average cost. Thus MC lies below AC.
Equation (6-2) related price and marginal revenue. There is a corresponding formula relating average and marginal cost. Suppose the costs of a firm, C, take the form

C = F + c X Q, (6-3)

where F is a fixed cost that is independent of the firm’s output, c is the firm’s marginal cost, and Q is once again the firm’s output. (This is called a linear cost function.) The fixed cost in a linear cost function gives rise to economies of scale, because the larger the firm’s output, the less is the fixed cost per unit. Specifically, the firm’s average cost (total cost divided by output) is

Average cost = AC = C/Q = F/Q + c (6-4)


Monopolistic Competition

A firm making high profits normally attracts competitors. Thus situations of pure monopoly are rare in practice. Instead, the usual market structure in industries characterized by internal economies of scale is one of oligopoly.
in oligopolies the pricing policies of firms are interdependent. Each firm in an oligopoly will, in setting its price, consider not only the responses of consumers but also the expected responses of competitors. These responses, however, depend in turn on the competitors’ expectations about the firm’s behavior and we are therefore in a complex game in which firms are trying to second-guess each others’ strategies.
In monopolistic competition models two key assumptions are made to get around the problem of interdependence. First, each firm is assumed to be able to differentiate its
product from that of its rivals. That is, because they want to buy this firm’s particular product, the firm’s customers will not difficult to buy other firms’ products because of difference prices. Second, each firm is assumed to take the prices charged by its rivals as given that is, it ignores the impact of its own price on the prices of other firms. As a result, the monopolistic competition model assumes that even though each firm is in reality facing competition from other firms, it behaves as if it were a monopolist hence the model’s name.
Before we can examine trade, however, we need to develop a basic model of monopolistic competition. Let us therefore imagine an industry consisting of a number of firms. These firms produce differentiated products, that is, goods that are not exactly the same but that are substitutes for one another. Each firm is therefore a monopolist in the sense that it is the only firm producing its particular good, but the demand for its good depends on the number of other similar products available and on the prices of other firms in the industry.


Assumptions of the Model.

We would expect a firm to sell more the larger the total demand for its industry’s product and the higher the prices charged by its rivals. On the other hand, we expect the firm to sell less the greater the number of firms in the industry and the higher its own price. A particular equation for the demand facing a firm that has these properties is2

Q = S (1/n -b(P- ˉP)) (6-5)

where Q is the firm’s sales, S is the total sales of the industry, n the number of firms in the industry, b a constant term representing the responsiveness of a firm’s sales to its price, P the price charged by the firm itself , and ˉP the average price charged by its competitors. If all firms charge the same price, each will have a market share 1/n. A firm charging more than the average of other firms will have a smaller market share, a firm charging less a larger share.
It is helpful to assume that total industry sales S are unaffected by the average price P charged by firms in the industry. That is, we assume that firms can gain customers only at each others’ expense. This is an unrealistic assumption, but it simplifies the analysis and helps focus on the competition among firms. In particular, it means that S is a measure of the size of the market and that if all firms charge the same price, each sells S in units.

Market Equilibrium.

When the individual firms are symmetric, the state of the industry can be described without enumerating the features of all firms in detail. To analyze the industry, for example to assess the effects of international trade, need to determine the number of firms n and the average price they charge P.
method for determining n and P involves three steps.

(1) First, derive a relationship between the number of firms and the average cost of a typical firm. this relationship is upward sloping; that is, the more firms there are, the lower the output of each firm, and thus the higher its cost per unit of output.
(2) next show the relationship between the number of firms and the price each firm charges, which must equal P in equilibrium. this relationship is downward sloping
(3) Finally,when the price exceeds average cost additional firms will enter the industry, while when the price is less than average cost firms will exit. So in the long run the number of firms is determined by the intersection of the curve that relates average cost to n and the curve that relates price to n.

1. The number of firms and average cost.
average cost depends on the size of the market and the number of firms in the industry:

AC = F/Q + c = n X F/S + c. (6-6)

Equation (6-6) tells us that other things equal, the more firms there are in the industry the higher is average cost. The reason is that the more firms there are, the less each firm produces. The upward-sloping relationship between n and average cost is shown as CC in Figure 6-3.

The equilibrium price and number of firms occurs when price equals average cost, at the intersection of PP and CC.

2. The number affirms and the price. The price the typical firm charges also depends on the number of firms in the industry. In general, we would expect that the more firms there are, the more intense will be the competition among them, and hence the lower the price. This turns out to be true in this model, but proving it takes a moment.
First recall that in the monopolistic competition model firms are assumed to take each others’ prices as given; that is, each firm ignores the possibility that if it changes its price other firms will also change theirs. If each firm treats P as given, we can rewrite the demand curve (6-5) in the form

Q = {S/n + S x b x ‘P) - S X b X P, (6-7)
where b is the parameter in equation (6-5) that measured the sensitivity of each firm’s market share to the price it charges. Now this is in the same form as (6-1), with S/n + S X b X P in place of the constant term A and 5 X b in place of the slope coefficient B. If we plug these values back into the formula for marginal revenue (6-2), we have a marginal revenue for a typical firm of
MR = P - Q/(S X b). (6-8)
Profit-maximizing firms will set marginal revenue equal to their marginal cost c, so that
MR = P – Q/(S Xb) = c,
which can be rearranged to give the following equation for the price charged by a typical firm:
P = c + Q/(S X b). (6-9)
We have already noted, however, that if all firms charge the same price, each will sell an amount Q = S/n. Plugging this back into (6-9) gives us a relationship between the number of firms and the price each firm charges:
P = c + 1/(bxn). (6-10)

3. The equilibrium number of firms.
The downward-sloping curve PP shows that the more firms there are in the industry, the lower the price each firm will charge. This makes sense: The more firms there are, the more competition each firm faces. The upward-sloping curve CC tells us that the more firms there are in the industry, the higher the average cost of each firm. This also makes sense: If the number of firms increases, each firm will sell less, so firms will not be able to move as far down their average cost curve.
The two schedules intersect at point E, corresponding to the number of firms n2 The significance of n2 is that it is the zero-profit number of firms in the industry. When there are n2 firms in the industry, their profit-maximizing price is P2, which is exactly equal to their average cost AC2. point E describes the industry’s long-run equilibrium.
To see why, suppose that n were less than n2, say n1 Then the price charged by firms would be P1 while their average cost would be only AC1 Thus firms would be making monopoly profits. Conversely, suppose that n were greater than n2, say n1 Then firms would charge only the price P1 while their average cost would be AC1 Firms would be suffering losses. Over time, firms will enter an industry that is profitable, exit one in which they lose money. The number of firms will rise over time if it is less than n2, fall if it is greater. This means that n2 is the equilibrium number of firms in the industry and P2 the equilibrium price.4

Limitations of the Monopolistic Competition Model

Key elements of markets in monopolistic competition where there are economies of scale and thus imperfect competition. However, few industries are well described by monopolistic competition. Instead, the most common market structure is one of small-group oligopoly, where only a few firms are actively engaged in competition.
Two kinds of behavior arise in the general oligopoly setting that are excluded by assumption from the monopolistic competition model. The first is collusive behavior. Each firm may keep its price higher than the apparent profit-maximizing level as part of an understanding that other firms will do the same; since each firm’s profits are higher if its competitors charge high prices, such an understanding can raise the profits of all the firms (at the expense of consumers). Collusive price-setting behavior may be managed through explicit agreements (illegal in the United States) or through tacit coordination strategies, such as allowing one firm to act as a price leader for the industry.
The monopolistic competition approach to trade is attractive because it avoids these complexities. Even though it may leave out some features of the real world, the monopolistic competition model is widely accepted as a way to provide at least a first cut at the role of economies of scale in international trade.

Monopolistic Competition and Trade

In industries where there are economies of scale, both the variety of goods that a country can produce and the scale of its production are constrained by the size of the market. Each country can specialize in producing a narrower range of products than it would in the absence of trade; yet by buying goods that it does not make from other countries, each nation can simultaneously increase the variety of goods available to its consumers. As a result, trade offers an opportunity for mutual gain even when countries do not differ in their resources or technology.

The Effects of Increased Market Size

The number of firms in a monopolistically competitive industry and the prices they charge
are affected by the size of the market. In larger markets there usually will be both more firms and more sales per firm; consumers in a large market will be offered both lower prices and a greater variety of products than consumers in small markets.

AC = F/Q + c = n X F/S + c.

An increase in total sales 5 will reduce average costs for any given number of firms n. The reason is that if the market grows while the number of firms is held constant, sales per firm will increase and the average cost of each firm will therefore decline. Thus if we compare two markets, one with higher 5 than the other, the CC curve in the larger market will be below that in the smaller one.

P = c+ 1/(b X n).

The size of the market does not enter into this equation, so an increase in S does not shift the PP curve.


Gains from an Integrated Market: A Numerical Example

International trade can create a larger market. automobiles are produced by a monopolistically competitive industry. The demand curve facing any given producer of automobiles is described by equation (6-5), with b = 1/30,00 0 (this value has no particular significance; it was chosen to make the example come out neatly).

Q = S x [1/n - (1/30,000) X (P - P)],

where Q is the number of automobiles sold per firm, S the total sales of the industry, n the number of firms, P the price that a firm charges, and P the average price of other firms.

The cost function for producing automobiles is described by equation (6-3), with a fixed cost F = $750,000,000 and a marginal cost c = $5000 per automobile (again these values are chosen to give nice results). The total cost is
The average cost curve is therefore

C = 750,000,000 + (5000 X Q).
AC = (750,000,000/0 + 5000.

Suppose there are two countries, Home and Foreign. Home has annual sales of 900,000 automobiles; Foreign has annual sales of 1.6 million. The two countries are assumed, for the moment, to have the same costs of production.
Home would have six automobile firms, selling at a price of $10,000 each To confirm that this is the long-run equilibrium, we need to show both, that the pricing equation (6-10) is satisfied and that the price equals average cost. Substituting the actual values of the marginal cost c, the demand parameter b, and the number of Home firms n into equation (6-10), we find

P = $10,000 = c + 1/(b X n) = $5000 + l/[( 1/30,000 ) X 6] = $5000 + $5000,

So the condition for profit maximization that marginal revenue equal marginal costis satisfied. Each firm sells 900,000 units/6 firms = 150,000 units/firm. Its average cost is therefore
AC = ($750,000,000/150,000) + $5000 = $10,000.
The market is for 1.6 million automobiles, the curves intersect at n = 8, P = 8750. That is, in the absence of trade Foreign’s market would support eight firms, each producing 200,000 automobiles, and selling them at a price of $8750.

P = $8750 = c + 1/(b X n) = $5000 + l/[( 1/30,000 ) X 8] = $5000 + $3750,
AC = ($750,000,000/200,000) + $5000 = $8750.

Now suppose it is possible for Home and Foreign to trade automobiles costlessly with one another. By drawing the PP and CC curves one more time, we find that this integrated




Economies of Scale and Comparative Advantage
Monopolictic competitive assumes that the cost of production is the same in both countries and that trade is costless. Each of these countries has two factors of production, capital and labor.


A Monopolistically competitive industry in which a number of firms all produce differentiated products. Because of economies of scale, neither country is able to produce the full range of manufactured products by itself; thus, although both countries may produce some manufactures, they will be producing different things. The monopolistically competitive nature of the manufactures industry makes an important difference to the trade pattern, a difference that can best be seen by looking at what would happen if manufactures were not a monopolistically competitive sector.
If manufactures were not a differentiated product sector, we know from Chapter 4 what the trade pattern would look like. Because Home is capital-abundant and manufactures capital-intensive, Home would have a larger relative supply of manufactures and would therefore export manufactures and import food. Schematically, we can represent this trade pattern with a diagram like Figure 6-6. The length of the arrows indicates the value of trade in each direction; the figure shows that Home would export manufactures equal in value to the food it imports.
If we assume that manufactures is a monopolistically competitive sector (each firm’s products are differentiated from other firms’), Home will still be a net exporter of manufactures and an importer of food. However, Foreign firms in the manufactures sector will produce products different from those that Home firms produce. Because some Home consumers will prefer Foreign varieties, Home, although running a trade surplus in manufactures, will import as well as export within the manufacturing industry. With manufactures monopolistically competitive, then, the pattern of trade will look like Figure 6-7.